Posts Tagged ‘understanding computer’
April 30th, 2009 | 
Author: Today in market one can find wide array of modern software tools that have made the work of website designing and publishing much easier. Gone are the days when you have to solve the mystery of understanding computer language codes. The software tools contains graphical template that is simple and intuitive. Just adding simplicity element in your site does not guarantee increased visitor base. Website should be based on certain thoughts and theme.
Whenever a graphic designer creates a web page using graphic design, important thing to consider is to keep it readable. Many fancy looking websites ignore this fact and use complicated background due to which the content gets difficult to read. The background of a web page should be highlighting the text color. In some cases fancy background may be needed in such cases keep the text blocks offset with only single color in the background.
Keep the text size appropriate, as very large fonts would overshadow the entire web page. Give colors to links different from the regular content. The text involved in headlines should be centered and justified from both sides. As modern browsers also support such fully justified web content. The old browsers that does not support fully justified text, would not regard the command and show text aligned at left side. The text that is justified completely makes a website more attractive to the visitors.
Another aspect of concern in graphic design is the navigation facility, keep it simple for user-friendliness. An ideal site navigation ensures that the user is able to access each of the web page in maximum of three clicks. You can also consider keeping a table of contents in your website for easy navigation table can be put on the left side of the web page, links can be kept to open in a separate frame at the right side. It would keep the visitors attached to the site’s home page.
In order to get higher percentage of visitors a site should be easily located. Use apt keywords in the website content wherever applicable and necessary related to the subject matter so that your site gets listed at higher rank in search engines. There are many search engines that also have the forms for search engine submission. You can use it so that the search engine can easily find your site and categorize it.
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Article Source: Score High with Internet Users through Graphic Designing Techniques
The way a computer deals with time is totally different to the ways humans perceive it. We arrange time into seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years, while computers on the other hand arrange time as a single number representing the seconds that have passed from a single point in time, known as the prime epoch.
Most computers use NTP (Network Time Protocol) to deal with time and on networks many are synchronised using a dedicated NTP time server. NTP knows nothing about days, years or centuries, only the seconds from the prime epoch. This prime epoch is set (for most systems) at midnight at the turn of the century twentieth century that for a human would be recorded as something like: 00:00 – 01,01,1900.
Computers, however, count time as the number of seconds past this point. If a computer was around in 1900 its timestamp on midnight January 1 would be 0 while in 1972 at the same date the timestamp would be 2,272,060,800, which represents the number of seconds since 1900.
The timestamps restart every 136 years with the next wrap around due in 2036, this has caused uneasiness amongst some who fear a Millennium Bug type scenario, although most doubt such events would occur, however, when a wrap-around of the timestamp does happen an era integer will be added (+1), to allow computers to deal with time spans that cover more than one wrap-around. If computers and NTP need to deal with time that spans before the prime epoch a negative integer is used (for the year 1500 a -3 will be used to represent three cycles of 136 years).
Timestamps are used in virtually every transaction that modern computers are tasked to do such as sending emails, debugging and programming. Because time is linear, a computer knows that each timestamp is always greater than the previous one and therefore computers and NTP find it difficult to deal with inaccuracies in time, particularly when time suddenly appears to go backwards.
This can happen if computers are not synchronised to the same time. If an email is sent to a machine with a slower clock, it appears to the computer to have been received before it has been sent. Lack of synchronisation can serious problems and can even leave a system vulnerable to malicious attacks and even fraud.
Because of this, most computer networks are synchronised to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). UTC is a global timescale and the same for everybody worldwide it is based on the time told by atomic clocks which are highly accurate, neither gaining nor losing a second in millions of years.
Most computer networks use a dedicated NTP time server to receive a UTC time to synchronise their computers too. UTC is available from across the Internet (although unsecured), via the GPS network (Global Positioning System), or by receiving national time and frequency broadcasts via long wave.
NTP synchronises a computer by checking the received UTC time and adding to or holding a computer’s timestamp until it perfectly matches UTC. By using a dedicated NTP time server UTC can be maintained on a network to a few milliseconds of UTC time.
Richard N Williams is a technical author and specialist in atomic clocks, telecommunications, NTP and network time synchronisation helping to develop dedicated NTP clocks. Please visit us for more information about a network time server or other NTP server solutions.
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Article Source: NTP – Understanding Computer Timestamps