Posts Tagged ‘chemical reactions’
November 6th, 2009 | 
Author: A battery consists of one or more voltaic cells. It works on the phenomenon of the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy via chemical reactions that performs the transfer of charges between the electrode and the electrolyte in the battery. This chemical reaction makes the current flow through the battery cells.
The AAA battery is a small dry cell-type battery capable of storing chemical energy. It has been traced between 640 BC and 250 BC. The voltaic cells used in these batteries have 1.5 volts. The cells containing lithium gives 3 volts and the single cell rechargeable alkaline AAA batteries give around 1.2 volts.
The AAA battery is mainly used in portable electronic devices. It is classified as 24A (ANSI/NEDA), LR03, AM4, UM4, HP16, R03, RX03 or micro. The AAA battery is referred to as a cell because it is composed of a single chamber. This battery is measured 44.5 mm in length and 10.5 mm in diameter. The alkaline AAA batteries are about 11.5 grams each whereas, lithium AAAs weighs approximately 7.6 grams. The weight of rechargeable batteries of this type made up of NiMH is 14-15 grams. The capacity and nominal voltage of alkaline batteries of this type are about 900 to 1,155 mAh and 1.5 volts respectively. The nominal voltage of NiMH or NiCd batteries of the same type is around 1.2 volts.
The AAA batteries are mainly used in small electronic devices like TV remote controls, digital cameras and MP3 players. Nowadays, new models of keyboards, computer mouse have been developed which accepts this type of batteries.
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Article Source: Features of AAA Battery
There are some chemical reactions took place inside the battery that are meant to produce electricity for our daily necessary work to finish. We do not go inside them for what happening in any circumstances. Actually when these chemical reactions are slow to make any reactions as the elements are poor in power then the battery reach to it is worst condition and this condition can not be lifted up. And in that situation, we need to go with battery reconditioning. The Battery reconditioning is the process of creating our battery to reach to its initial states, so, it can work efficiently and in proper way.
Reconditioning batteries that seems to be no working are very easy to build up, and it would become an easy task once you know how to do this. You should have to look for the good people on the web those who have idea about battery reconditioning. They will definitely provide you a guide for how to do this easily and effectively. You can find many experts and they will definitely let you know about simple procedure that can help you giving your battery a new life. So, you can us them for another long time. The cost that will earn you to recondition your battery is extremely cheap and also a simple guideline that can easily be done without going for any store to warm their pocket with loads of money.
You can take this challenge as your small business that will be very profitable for you, indeed! However, recondition a battery is not a child play but excellent experience about fixing the battery to its original state would be helpful for reconditioning them for a long time. Always remember one thing that dead battery could go back to its original state and it is not difficult. Keep in mind one more thing that rechargeable battery enable users to forget about powers cables that hinder power manipulation.
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Article Source: Dead battery could be reconditioned
In all nations he public and their servants are continually seeking out new environmental waste solutions. As time goes on these are becoming more and more sophisticated in order to protect our environment.
The problem is that once an environmental waste solution has been found for one problem science and industry tends to create a new chemical or product which in some way is hazardous and needs a new environmental waste solution to avoid damage to the environment.
Waste is generated in all sorts of ways. Its composition and volume largely depend on consumption patterns and the industrial and economic structures in place. Waste is considered to be the by-product of both natural and artificial processes: manufacturing, chemical reactions, and even events in biochemical pathways.
But how do we distinguish the main products of an activity from its by-products? Waste is directly linked to the human development, both technologically and socially. The composition of different wastes has varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials.
Waste is not just waste – it can also become a resource and a material supply for another person. The underlying philosophy for the European environmental policy is now to regard waste as a resource, and if this is pursued to its logical conclusion it can in theory provide an environmental waste solution by effectively eliminating waste.
However, one waste for which most of us would say there is no satisfactory environmental waste solution is nuclear waste. Nuclear waste is not just the material left after it has been used and becomes ‘spent’. Nuclear power stations and reprocessing plants release small quantities of radioactive gases (e.g, krypton-85 and xenon-133) and trace amounts of iodine-131 to the atmosphere. However, they have short half-lives, and the radioactivity in the emissions is diminished by delaying their release.
Nuclear power then also leaves us with those spent reactor core materials to dispose of. If you carry out controlled fission in a nuclear power station, you get long-lived radioactive waste, and that poses a long-term hazard to the environment unless it is dealt with properly.
E-waste is another form of waste material for which society is seeking satisfactory environmental solutions. E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their “useful life”. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Most of these are laden with toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium that can leach into water, soils and the atmosphere, posing significant environmental and human health risks. However, many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled so the obvious waste solution is to return these goods to the original manufacturer who can best reprocess and re-use the materials and by so doing also save on use of the earth’s resources.
Plastic is an increasing burden on our landfills and recycling efforts. Wouldn’t it be great if we could just zap the plastic and make it go away? That’s is not going to happen of course, but the all pervasive nature of plastic bags for example in the sea and daily injury being to thousands of all types of creatures through ingestion and stomach obstruction, even sometimes suffocation, is alarming. If we knew years ago the damage and the extreme difficulty in finding an environmental solution to the plastic litter problem we would maybe not have allowed these bags to be sued as much as they have been.
Municipal waste, when properly managed, does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. This one of our society’s environmental waste solutions is carried out at high cost but is being done quite satisfactorily in most developed nations. Many municipalities are said to now spend 40% of their operational budget on waste-related activities according to one internet report, and the worry is that these are services which often in some poorer nations benefit commercial, high and middle income areas only. Other internet sites suggest that estimates show that 10 million chronically poor people rely on waste picking for their day to day survival – and that definitely needs an environmental waste solution and fast!
So once we have created the waste, there is no easy environmental waste solution to its disposal. The only answer is not to create waste in the first place. Zero waste is a great concept as an environmental waste solution which also produces more jobs for less investment than any other waste management strategy. It also reduces toxic pollution as it incorporates clean production. Zero Waste is a way of thinking, and a path to travel, rather than an absolute. Subscribing to Zero Waste does not mean instantly eliminating every last piece of waste whatever the cost.
Steve Evans brings you a ton of encouraging recycling inforamtion at his blog site. Come take a look and leave a comment now!
Article Source: Environmental Waste Solutions for an Ever Changing World
Book One: Energy Metabolism, Carbohydrates and Lipids.
Introduction
If you talk to the students in the years ahead of you in college most of them will tell you that biochemistry is a difficult subject. It’s not !
Biochemistry studies the chemical reactions that occur in cells. Life, at the molecular level (and therefore biochemistry and molecular biology), is about forming chemical bonds. The things that living organisms do, such as grow and make “machines” which allow them to move, generate electrical impulses and perform other functions, all have one thing in common at the molecular level. They all involved atoms and/or small molecules being joined together by chemical bonds. When a house is being built bricks are “joined” together with cement. When structural components of cells and cell “machines” are being built the molecules that make up these structures are “joined” together by chemical bonds.
So, much of biochemistry involves studying the processes of forming chemical bonds between the molecules that make up the cells. For example, amino acid molecules are joined together by chemical bonds to make proteins which are the most important structural components of cells. Nucleotide molecules are joined together by chemical bonds to form DNA which is the stuff that the genes are made of.
In order to form chemical bonds energy is required. In this book we will look at the biochemistry of where this energy comes from. Now, it does not take a genius to work out that if it takes energy to form a chemical bond then a potentially good source of this energy is to break a different chemical bond. This is exactly how cells get the energy they need to form the chemical bonds between amino acids to form proteins, between nucleotides to form DNA and so on. The chemical bonds in certain molecules are sacrificed and the energy released when these bonds are broken is used to form other chemical bonds.
So, why does biochemistry seem so difficult? Unfortunately, the processes of forming or breaking chemical bonds usually occurs in a series of steps rather than in one single step. Furthermore, many of these reaction pathways are interlinked with each other. This all makes it difficult to break the subject of biochemistry down into discreet, individual sections that are easy to study and learn. Even when you do break the metabolic pathways down into manageable sizes you never get a full understanding of what is going on until you can see how the different pathways interact with each other. It is a bit like a jigsaw. You can only deal with one piece at a time but each piece in isolation does not make much of a picture.
Unfortunately, there does not seem to be an easy answer to this problem. Please, just carry on studying all the different pathways and structures individually. Don’t get discouraged when you find it difficult to see the overall picture. When you have studied all the pieces (and there are not that many of them really!) you will eventually find that you will be able to fit them together to form the great picture that is the closest thing we have to understanding the meaning of life.
Whenever you get really confused as you plough through those enormous biochemistry textbooks or lost as you try and keep up with your biochemistry lectures ask yourself “What chemical bond is being formed or broken”? and you will find it much easier to follow what is going on.
I wish you an interesting time in your journey to understand what is known about how life works and of course good fortune in the exams you must pass to allow you to go on and pursue whatever career path you have set out on.
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Paul M. Byrne is an MD and has worked as a lecturer in UCD School of Medicine and Biomedical Science in Dublin, Ireland. He is the author of Get to Grips with Biochemistry. FREE sample chapters of the ebook can be downloaded from http://get2grips.50webs.com
Article Source: Get to Grips with Biochemistry